From Kafagway to Baguio
>> Tuesday, September 3, 2019
By
Freddie Mayo and Ramon Dacawi
(First
of 2 parts)
(Note on the
authors: Frederic G. Mayo was one of the best feature writers and broadcast
journalists from Baguio and Cordillera who died in New York in
1997. Ramon Dacawi was a veteran journalist, environmentalist
and philanthropist who passed on in July this year. Both were
pioneering members of the City Government Public Information Office.)
Pre-history
Evidence
shows that the general terrain on which the city of Baguio now stands rose from
the sea several million of years ago. Fossils of crustaceans identified during
the 1950s show that the latest that the area was underwater was during the
Pliocene Age. Limestone formations of three or more layers measuring 20 meters
thick contain coral fossils and have cracks from which form caves that are
extremely permeable to water.
Over these
rock formation is red mud, known as Terra Rosa which contains a large quantity
of animal remains.
Then
vegetation appeared in the eastern part of the city. The assortment of its
vegetation is still a mystery. How the Benguet pine or Pinus Insularis, the
Brazillian chayote or sayote, the Australian everlasting, the Benguet Lily and
the native under-sized passion fruit or masaflora found their way into Baguio’s
environs is still a mystery.
True enough,
later species of flora which grew only in the temperate and seasonal climate of
the northern hemisphere could be traced to the introduction of these plants by
the Chinese, Japanese and the American, but the greater number of species are
still unaccounted for.
Even
before the Americans finally decided to set up a rest and recreation center in
this section of the Cordillera, the Spaniards had already accumulated enough
data about Baguio’s climate, plants and animal life, and its terrain to
pre-empt any plan to establish a highland post in the place originally called
Kafagway.
A
member of the First Philippine Commission, Dean Connant Webster, heard that the
place exists, from a Spanish forester while the latter was hunting tamaraw in
Mindoro in 1892. He came to verify these reports only on 1900, and immediately
fell in love with the place.
Later records
would show that Kafagway was only composed of about seven houses as a rancheria
of La Trinidad, Benguet. But then an observer’s report would claim that there
were more than 21 houses, with a meeting hall. The disparity could be accounted
for the fact that most of the people of Kafagway withdrew to the outskirts of
the city to avoid the final confrontation between the Americans and the
Spaniards.
Kafagway was
inhabited by the Benguet Ibalois. Of the Benguets, then Minister of interior
Worcester wrote: They were kindly, industrious, self respecting, silent tribe
of agriculturists. They never indulged in head-hunting or caused any serious
disturbance of public order, and had persistently refused to give up
their ancient beliefs. When I first visited their country, I found their men
clad in clouts, supplemented, in the case of the wealthy, by cotton blankets.
The woman usually wore both skirts and upper garments, with bound towels over
their heads as turbans.
Kafagway, on
which the original Baguio townsite stands, means rono or grassy clearings. It
was first mentioned by the Spaniard Quirante’s report on the district of
Antamok in 1624.
Coming
of the Americans
The drafter
of Baguio’s charter, former Justice George Malcolm, said that his favorite city
was still Baguio although he had already seen Simla in India.
Baguio could
truly be called an American creation.
The trip up
originally was made in two stages. The first was by streamer from Manila to San
Fernando, La Union.
The second
from San Fernando through the towns of Naguillian Sablan by horseback and then
either up to Kafagway or La Trinindad which was then established as the capital
of the Spanish comandancia.
In order to
shorten the trip up to Baguio from Manila, work on the Benguet Road began
on January 5, 1901 after the Philippine Commission appropriated
US$50,000 for the construction of a connection from Dagupan, Pangasinan. The
final cost would come to US$2 million and it would take Col. Lyman Kennon to
complete it four years later. In January 1905, Col. Kennon rode up on the first
wagon to reach the place over the newly constructed road, now named after him.
Due to the initial enthusiasm of the first Philippine Commission, the early
development of the city was not only well planned but also well-funded.
In 1904,
Architect Daniel Burnham who laid out the city of Chicago, visited Baguio and
made a plan for its future development.
In the spring
of 1905, the Baguio Country Club was organized. The clubhouse was a “rude,
grass-roofed shed made of pine slabs”.
In 1908, a
modern hospital and the governor-general’s residence (now The Mansion, the
officials’ summer residence of the president) were built.
In April,
1908, there was opened a “Teacher’s Camp” to which came American school
teachers from all over the islands.
By the end of
the first decade, Baguio found itself the proud possessor of a city hall, a
storehouse, a corral, market buildings, a hospital-sanitarium, cottages for
government officials, an automobile station, a garage, a plumping plant and
laborers’ quarters.
The
immigrant
While the
first immigrant to the general vicinity were probably traders and personnel of
the Spanish Comandancia in La Trinindad (now capital of Benguet province), the
first to Kafagway came up with the construction of the Kennon Road.
Motley of
races manned this construction, notably the Chinese, Japanese, British,
Americans, natives of the old Mountain Province, and Ilocanos from Eastern
Pangasinan.
The Chinese
and the Japanese, who were earlier recruited for the Benguet Road, got
immediately assimilated into the city’s lifestyle. They were mostly traders and
merchants but later also found themselves developing the multi-million-peso
highland vegetable industry in the hinterlands of Benguet.
They were
later joined by the old trading partners of the Ibaloi-Ilocanos from La Union
and Ilocos Sur – who plied their trade via the newly opened Naguilian Road They
also engaged in trade and barter, aside from joining the government service or
as a teachers in the numerous schools which were put up for the city’s primary
and secondary education.
The Indians
came in profusion shortly after the Second World War, and the Batanguenos soon
after. The Muslims from the south, the Pampangos, the Visayans and the
Bicolanos came soon after.
Together with
the Americans who stayed behind, these immigrants developed a lifestyle which
is uniquely that of Baguio.
The
early years
After the
first sale of residence and business lots took place on May 28, 1906, the next
30 odd years demonstrated immense development. This was mainly due to the
efforts of the visionary American Mayor, Engr. Eusebius Halsema.
The telephone
system was inaugurated earlier in 1903. The marker was established in 1913.
The rock
crusher was installed in 1916. The vegetable market was completed in 1918. The
concrete pipe factory was established in 1920. The first
hydroelectric plants were completed in 1924, so with the Baguio
auditorium was finished in 1924. The Baguio Central School was completed in
1924 and an expansion of the sanitary sewer beyond the Trinidad irrigation
system was completed in 1929.
Governor
General Leonard Wood wrote in 1926: Baguio has 50 percent more people this
summer than ever before and a good deal of building. We have a good many
conventions here this summer and tremendously large number of attendance of
Teachers Camp. Camp John Hay is packed to the limit.
Think we can
count on Baguio as a real fixture. More and more Filipinos come every year; and
in fact it is almost impossible to house all of them this year. The
government center is now being used for insular government employees and
authorities and others cannot find a place to stay. I think as the years go on,
Baguio will be more and more summer capital of the Islands.
The permanent
population of Baguio was estimated in 1927 at eight thousand souls, while the
number of visitors during the preceding year was estimated to be over sixty
thousand.
The
missionary thrust
In the summer
of 1902, Anglican Bishop Charles Brent sailed to the Philippines, his island
diocese, while the government was already starting to construct the Benguet
Road. That same year, Brent sent Rev. John Staunton to look into the
possibility of building a rest house for American missionaries and of
converting the Igorots to Christianity. Staunton chose a site which later would
be known as “Constabulary Hill”, from which he went daily to La
Trinidad where he opened a school for Ilocanos and Igorots.
Bishop Brent
later on went on to establish the Baguio School for Boys and Brent
International School as it is presently known. Meanwhile, the fathers of San
Patricio or the Belgian Fathers came to the Philippines at the invitation of
the bishop of Nueva Segovia. The priest assigned to Baguio, Fr. Serafin
Devesse, built – small parish church and attached a small school to it in 1911,
and purchased some land overlooking Campo Filipino. So, from modest beginnings
did St. Louis University start as well as the old Holy Family Colleges.
Easter School
was founded in 1906. Maryknoll Convent School (Marishan) was established in
1938.
The Seventh
Day Adventists founded their school in 1948. The Philippine Bible College was
founded by Ralph E. Brashears in July that year. The united Church of Christ
pioneered in the field of pre-school education in the early sixties. Baguio is,
perhaps, the first place in the country where ecumenism took an early and firm
root.
Perhaps the
highest point in the city’s history of missionary endeavor was the visit by
Pope John Paul II in February 1981. Before a crowd that drew from all walks of
life and religion, the Pontiff said that Baguio played a very special role in
the history of evangelism especially those who are classified as ethnic
authorities.
The true
symbol of the faiths contributing to a single landmark in Baguio is perhaps the
Baguio Cathedral. At the time of its construction, all faiths, Anglicans,
Lutherans, Roman Catholics, even the pagan native, contributed to its cause.
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