Immunity
>> Friday, August 20, 2021
WELLNEWS
Victor
Romulo Gallardo Dumaguing MD
Immunity is the
scientific study of the immune system and immune responses. The primary
functions of the immune system are to differentiate between “self” and “non-
self”- a foreign body, a stranger, not a natural part of the body , an enemy therefore
must be neutralized and destroyed.
There are two major arms of the immune system; Cell mediated immunity involves many different cell types including macrophages, T helper cell, cytotoxic T cells, delayed hypersensitivity cells, NK or natural killer cells and the granulocytes of white blood cells. Their most important role especially in the control of chronic infection is their ability to penetrate the cell and cause its eventual lysis (disruption, destruction) and death
Humoral immunity involves antibodies which are of special glycoprotein molecules produced by B cells in response to antigens or any foreign organic substance large enough to stimulate the production of antibodies; thus they also called antibody- generating substances. The initial response to an antigen is called primary response whereas a subsequent response to the same antigen is called secondary ANAMNESTIC or MEMORY response. Booster doses of vaccines are given for the purpose of triggering these secondary responses.
An antibody is an immunoglobulin-globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in the immune response which are mostly in the blood but are also present in lymph, tears, saliva, colostrum, tracheobronchial secretions and breast milk.. Antibodies are usually very specific, binding only with the antigenic determinant that stimulated their production. It must be emphasized that all antibodies are immunoglobulins but not all immunoglobulins are antibodies. Antibodies are produced by PLASMA CELLS in response to stimulation of B cells by foreign antigens.
IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin type in the serum or blood (70-85%), and the only antibody that can cross the placenta thus helping to protect the newborn during the first months (6 mos) of life. IgG molecules can bind to a wide range of cellular receptors to promote phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. As a result of memory cells, high levels of IgG are produced very rapidly within 1-3 days during the secondary response to same antigen (second dose or booster dose of the vaccine) IgG antibodies are longlived, sometimes persisting for the lifetime of the individual, hence they are sometimes referred to as classic antibody.. Preformed antibodies given to immunocompromised patients are of the IgG type.
IgM comprise 10% of the antibodies in the blood, also called Macroglobulin because of its big size which allows it to bind to many separate virus particles thus preventing the virus from attaching to host or target cells. IgM antibodies are the FIRST formed during the primary response (priming dose first or priming dose of a vaccine) but they are relatively short-lived remaining in the bloodstream for a few months thus its main role is to provide protection during the early stage of infection.. IgM is bactericidal –destructive- to gram negative bacteria; example E. coli which is a common cause of urinary tract infection and travelers’ diarrhea.
IgA comprises 10-20% of the immunoglobulins and is the predominant antibody in saliva, tears, seminal fluid, colostrum, breast milk and mucous secretions of the nose, lungs and gastrointestinal tract.. IgA protects external openings and mucous membranes from the attachment, colonization and invasion of pathogens.
IgE is also called Homocytotropic antibody,; it is produced in response to allergens. It is found on the surface of basophils and mast cells. Mast cells are morphologically very similar to basophils but they are found in tissues especially around the eyes, nose, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. IgE works very closely with eosinophils, one of the white blood cells.
IgD antibody is found in large quantities on the surface of B cells and its function is not clearly known, although they may serve as antigen receptors and determine which specific antigen that particular B cell is able to respond to, example are the 79 surface receptors of the Covid 19 virus
Kudos and BIG THANK YOU to Hidilyn, Nesthy, Eumir, Carlo , other athletes and their coaches and mentors for a splendid, historical and endearing performance at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. CHEERS PHILIPPINES!
Next Week: A Closer Look at Covid 19 tests
There are two major arms of the immune system; Cell mediated immunity involves many different cell types including macrophages, T helper cell, cytotoxic T cells, delayed hypersensitivity cells, NK or natural killer cells and the granulocytes of white blood cells. Their most important role especially in the control of chronic infection is their ability to penetrate the cell and cause its eventual lysis (disruption, destruction) and death
Humoral immunity involves antibodies which are of special glycoprotein molecules produced by B cells in response to antigens or any foreign organic substance large enough to stimulate the production of antibodies; thus they also called antibody- generating substances. The initial response to an antigen is called primary response whereas a subsequent response to the same antigen is called secondary ANAMNESTIC or MEMORY response. Booster doses of vaccines are given for the purpose of triggering these secondary responses.
An antibody is an immunoglobulin-globular glycoproteins in the blood that participate in the immune response which are mostly in the blood but are also present in lymph, tears, saliva, colostrum, tracheobronchial secretions and breast milk.. Antibodies are usually very specific, binding only with the antigenic determinant that stimulated their production. It must be emphasized that all antibodies are immunoglobulins but not all immunoglobulins are antibodies. Antibodies are produced by PLASMA CELLS in response to stimulation of B cells by foreign antigens.
IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin type in the serum or blood (70-85%), and the only antibody that can cross the placenta thus helping to protect the newborn during the first months (6 mos) of life. IgG molecules can bind to a wide range of cellular receptors to promote phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. As a result of memory cells, high levels of IgG are produced very rapidly within 1-3 days during the secondary response to same antigen (second dose or booster dose of the vaccine) IgG antibodies are longlived, sometimes persisting for the lifetime of the individual, hence they are sometimes referred to as classic antibody.. Preformed antibodies given to immunocompromised patients are of the IgG type.
IgM comprise 10% of the antibodies in the blood, also called Macroglobulin because of its big size which allows it to bind to many separate virus particles thus preventing the virus from attaching to host or target cells. IgM antibodies are the FIRST formed during the primary response (priming dose first or priming dose of a vaccine) but they are relatively short-lived remaining in the bloodstream for a few months thus its main role is to provide protection during the early stage of infection.. IgM is bactericidal –destructive- to gram negative bacteria; example E. coli which is a common cause of urinary tract infection and travelers’ diarrhea.
IgA comprises 10-20% of the immunoglobulins and is the predominant antibody in saliva, tears, seminal fluid, colostrum, breast milk and mucous secretions of the nose, lungs and gastrointestinal tract.. IgA protects external openings and mucous membranes from the attachment, colonization and invasion of pathogens.
IgE is also called Homocytotropic antibody,; it is produced in response to allergens. It is found on the surface of basophils and mast cells. Mast cells are morphologically very similar to basophils but they are found in tissues especially around the eyes, nose, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. IgE works very closely with eosinophils, one of the white blood cells.
IgD antibody is found in large quantities on the surface of B cells and its function is not clearly known, although they may serve as antigen receptors and determine which specific antigen that particular B cell is able to respond to, example are the 79 surface receptors of the Covid 19 virus
Kudos and BIG THANK YOU to Hidilyn, Nesthy, Eumir, Carlo , other athletes and their coaches and mentors for a splendid, historical and endearing performance at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. CHEERS PHILIPPINES!
Next Week: A Closer Look at Covid 19 tests
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