EDCA: A new strategic partnership
>> Thursday, January 28, 2016
PERRYSCOPE
Perry Diaz
Perry Diaz
Twenty-four
years after the Philippine Senate rejected the extension of the American bases,
the Philippine Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Enhanced
Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA). EDCA is an “executive agreement” between
the U.S. and the Philippines that would allow the American military to once
again set foot on Philippine soil. It didn’t take long for the Philippines to
act; she immediately offered eight strategic locations throughout the country
where the U.S. could position equipment and personnel on a rotational basis.
It’s interesting to note that prior to the
Supreme Court’s ruling, every time American warships docked at the Subic port
(formerly Subic Naval Base), they were met by protesting leftist groups
displaying anti-American signs. This time around, when the USS Topeka, a
nuclear attack submarine, docked at Subic a few hours before the high court
decision was announced, it was welcomed by a marching band composed of local students.
Changing times
Indeed, times have changed since the
Philippine Senate, by a narrow 12-11 vote, decided not to renew the U.S. bases
agreement in 1991. A year later, after then President Cory Aquino’s
administration tried vainly to work out an extension, the U.S. flag was lowered
in Subic for the last time. Since then, leftist and nationalist groups have
vigilantly opposed any presence of American forces on Philippine soil. It was a
period when the nationalists proudly declared the Philippines as “truly
independent.” However, it was also a dark period when China started grabbing
Philippine territories including the Panganiban (Mischief) Reef, Scarborough
Shoal, and six other islands where she built artificial islands that could be
used for military purposes. China has been trying to expel a contingent of
Philippine Marines guarding the Ayungin Shoal in a grounded and rusty naval
vessel, the BRP Sierra Madre.
But it was when China started building the
artificial islands that the nationalist legislators began to worry. They turned
to the U.S. for help but Uncle Sam stayed out of the disputed islands, claiming
neutrality. Some of them even tried to invoke the US-Philippines Mutual Defense
Treaty (MDT), which makes one wonder: Did they expect the Americans to come to
the aid of the Philippines after they were booted out of the country? And these
“patriotic” legislators know that with a navy without warships and an air force
without warplanes, the country is helplessly — and hopelessly — at the mercy of
China.
It did not then come as a surprise when
President Benigno Aquino III opened the doors for the U.S. to station troops
and equipment on a rotational basis. And that’s when EDCA came to fruition. But
it wasn’t easy. As soon as the EDCA was signed in April 2014, several leftist
and nationalist personalities petitioned the Supreme Court to declare EDCA
unconstitutional. Among them were former Senators Rene Saguisag and Wigberto
TaƱada who were among the “Magnificent 12” — as their supporters called them –
who voted to kick the U.S. bases out of the Philippines 24 years ago. Today,
these 12 senators are now referred to as the “Dirty Dozen.” Indeed, times are
changing.
Supreme Court ruling
When the Supreme Court circulated the draft
of the ponencia penned by Chief Justice Lourdes Sereno last November, the
Senate immediately passed Resolution 1414 introduced by Sen. Miriam
Defensor-Santiago, which says that any treaty should be concurred in by the
Senate otherwise it becomes “invalid and ineffective.” However, the
U.S. and Philippine governments have always insisted that EDCA is an executive
agreement, not a treaty.
Fourteen senators voted to adopt the
resolution. Only Sen. Antonio Trillanes IV voted against it while Senate
President Franklin Drilon and Senate Minority Leader Juan Ponce Enrile
abstained. It’s ironic that Enrile, who was one of the “Magnificent 12,” had
abstained this time around, which makes one wonder: Did he finally realize the
folly of his action in 1991? Indeed, had he voted for retention of the U.S.
bases then – a notion that might have swirled in his mind today — China would
have stayed out of the Spratly Islands.
Nevertheless, in spite of the “invalid and
ineffective” language of Resolution 1414, the Supreme Court went ahead and
voted 10-4 on Sereno’s ponencia. Justices Estela Perlas-Bernabe, Arturo Brion,
Teresita Leonardo-De Castro and Marvic Leonen dissented while Justice Francis
Jardeleza inhibited.
In his concurring opinion to the court’s
ruling, Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio said that EDCA’s provisions
that allow the prepositioning of U.S. war materiel and equipment in Philippine
military bases would “give teeth” to the U.S.-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty
(MDT). “With the EDCA, China will think twice before attacking Philippine
military resupply ships to Philippine-occupied islands in the Spratlys. With
the EDCA, the Philippines will have a fighting chance to hold on to
Philippine-occupied islands in the Spratlys,” he said.
Containing China
With EDCA in place, the Philippines can now
play an important role in preventing Chinese expansionism in the
Indo-Asia-Pacific region that spans more than 12,000 miles across the globe –
from the coast of East Africa to the shores of California. The Philippines,
which was the weakest link in the First Island Chain that forms the first line
of defense against Chinese intrusion into the Pacific Ocean, is now going to be
a fortified 1,100-mile “retaining wall” against China’s “nine-dash line” —
which U.S. Admiral Harry Harris calls the “Berlin Wall of the Sea” — that runs
parallel to the Philippines’ 12-mile territorial boundary and the First Island
Chain. And at both ends of that retaining wall are the Bashi Channel in the
Batanes Islands in the north and the Tawi-Tawi Strait in the Sulu archipelago
in the south. It’s no surprise then that the U.S. has requested access to
Batanes Island and the Laoag Airport in Ilocos Norte where movements in the
Bashi Channel could be monitored, and blocked if a conflict with China occurs.
Whoever controls the Bashi Channel, Tawi-Tawi
Strait, and the Miyako Channel – a major choke point that connects the East
China Sea to the Pacific Ocean – would control the First Island Chain; thus,
containing China to the confines of the South and East China Seas.
It’s also been reported in the news that the
existing Philippine naval facility at Oyster Bay, Palawan is being developed
into a “mini Subic.” Oyster Bay, which is only 100 miles from the Spratly
Islands, is the Philippine Navy’s sole base facing the South China Sea and the
staging point to the Kalayaan Islands that includes the populated Pag-Asa
Island.
In the previous week, three important events
happened that gave the U.S. a geopolitical victory over China in Asia-Pacific,
to wit: (1) The resolution of the “comfort women” issue between Japan and South
Korea; (2) The election of pro-independence Tsai Ing-wen as Taiwan’s next
president; and (3) The Philippine Supreme Court’s ruling on the
constitutionality of EDCA.
With America’s military alliances with South
Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Australia, and Singapore secured, President
Obama’s “Pivot to Asia” strategy is finally paying off, which solidified the
position of the U.S. as a Pacific power. And with EDSA in place, a new
strategic partnership between the U.S. and the Philippines is created; thus,
providing a safety net for the Philippines to protect her sovereignty and
territorial integrity.(PerryDiaz@gmail.com)
0 comments:
Post a Comment